Summary

• European state monopolies on the legitimate use of force are undergoing a process of profound transformation.
• A first trend is the increasing vertical integration of state monopolies on the use of force in Europe. The rapid evolution of the European Union’s internal and external security institutions is an example of this trend towards intergovernmental cooperation and in some instances even supranational integration in the field of security.
• A second, horizontal, trend points to the emergence of converging and frequently overlapping forms of security governance at the interface between internal and external security provision in Europe. In particular the external deployment of domestic police services has progressed rapidly in recent years.