China aims to build an autonomous and secure space infrastructure, ranging from satellites and navigation systems to its own space stations, in order to function in the long term as a global space power and a leading nation in science, technology, and security.

Since the launch of its first satellite, Dang Fang Hong 1 in 1970, China has achieved a series of milestones: the permanent space station Tiangong which is in operation since 2022, the moon landing of Chang’e 3 in 2013, the return of lunar samples by Chang’e 5 in 2020, and the successful Mars rover mission Zhurong in 2021.

By 2030, China aims to carry out its first crewed lunar landing and further expand the Tiangong space station. In addition, the country plans to develop heavy-lift launch vehicles and reusable spacecraft, complete the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) by 2035, and conduct deep-space exploration missions, such as Mars orbit and asteroid missions.

China uses space policy also as a foreign policy instrument. The country is working to strengthen its position in international space governance and is actively participating in the development of UN regulations. Through the “Space Silk Road” as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China provides cost-effective launch and satellite services as well as data and technology transfer to emerging economies, and uses the International Lunar Research Station to integrate over 17 countries—primarily from the Global South—into joint lunar and research initiatives.

China’s rise as a space power opens up opportunities for cooperation, e.g. in joint research or data access. But it poses competitive and security risks at the same time, as China closely combines military and civilian dual-use technologies.

Germany and the EU should therefore strengthen their own space and defense capabilities. In addition, they can explore opportunities to establish common rules with China for the responsible use of outer space, and must establish clear guidelines for dealing with Chinese space partners - especially in areas where economic, scientific and security interests come together.