In 2014, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) set up the Global Reflection Group “Monopoly on the use of force 2.0?” as an initiative to raise awareness of what the current international security order is – theoretically – based on: national monopolies on the use of force.

The group analysed the current state of these monopolies and discussed progressive policy options that safeguard both human security and a just international order.

The group's final report "Providing Security in Times of Uncertainty" suggests a "two-pronged approach": strengthen the state monopoly on the legitimate use of force or, where appropriate, initiate a process to meld the growing number of fragmented security providers into a regulated and coordinated security architecture that protects citizens in an inclusive and accountable way.

More information on and papers by the Reflection Group: http://www.fes.de/de/reflection-group-monopoly-on-the-use-of-force-20