Mainstream policy economics has been gradually lowering its claims about the positive impact of trade on development and poverty reduction. The new approach is a compassionate agenda that says if trade liberalization is to reduce poverty, it must be flanked by public investment in infrastructure and human capital. However, this new agenda raises numerous questions about how to finance public investments, whether they should be sequenced in advance of liberalization, and whether trade liberalization is desirable if they are not undertaken. Most importantly, the new agenda still does not address the systemic critique that trade liberalization hinders development by eliminating important policy tools.

An alternative framework for thinking about trade, development, and poverty reduction is required. The framework emphasizes domestic commerce promotion and strategic value chain analysis that focuses on how developing countries can capture more of the value they create. Incremental policy change is argued for rather than grand liberalizations. In a world of uncertainty, optimal decision theory recommends: »Go slow if you don’t know.« Finally, a tropical products trade round is proposed that can produce a win–win outcome for North and South.